The automotive oxygen sensor, commonly known as the 'Lambda sensor' or 'O2 sensor,' is a crucial feedback element in the engine's electronic control system. It is typically installed on the exhaust pipe of the engine to monitor the oxygen content in the exhaust gases in real-time and send signals to the engine control unit (ECU).

The ECU adjusts the fuel injection volume based on this signal to precisely control the air-fuel ratio near the theoretical value of 14.7:1, ensuring the efficient operation of the three-way catalytic converter. Its performance directly affects the vehicle's fuel economy, power performance, and emission levels.

Oxygen sensor core functions and importance:

• Closed-loop control of air-fuel ratio: Provides feedback to the ECU to form 'closed-loop control', making fuel injection more precise, ensuring efficient and clean combustion of the engine.
• Ensuring the efficiency of the three-way catalytic converter: Only when the air-fuel ratio is near the theoretical value can the three-way catalytic converter most effectively purify HC (hydrocarbons), CO (carbon monoxide), and NOx (nitrogen oxides) in the exhaust gases.
• Optimizing fuel economy: Precise fuel injection control avoids overly rich or lean mixtures, thus saving fuel.
• Monitoring catalyst health: The downstream oxygen sensor located after the three-way catalytic converter is used to monitor the conversion efficiency of the catalyst.

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